This is NCERT Based

 Biology Online test of chapter 

= 5 (Fundamental Unit Of Life) 

for practicing of 

CBSE Examination of 9th 

Class.

Chapter  ( 5 ) - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

TIME  :   1   Hour                                              MARKS  : 30

Q.1 Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of life?                                                                                         2          

Q.2 why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane?                                                                             2

Q.3 if the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will happen? 

                                                                                                                                                                                                             2

Q.4 why are lissome known as suicide bags?                                                                                                                                   2

                                                                                                                                                                                            

Q.5 How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?                                                                                                       3

Q.6 which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?                                                                                         3

Q.7 how does an Amoeba obtain its food? Draw Diagram.                                                                                                               3

Q.8 what is osmosis?  What are its types? Explain.                                                                                                                           3

Q.9 what would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?                                                                           2

Q.10 Write differences between Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall.                                                                                          2                                                                                                        

Q.11  Name the two Nucleic Acids present in the cell. What are their  functions?                                                                       3                                           

Q.12 Draw Diagram of a Plant Cell and Label it.                                                                                                                                               3                                                                                  

Notes on NCERT Chapter = 7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 4 => 9th class

This is Online Notes on NCERT Chapter =   7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 4 of 9th class for preparation of CBSE BOARD Examination, NTSE etc.

Phylum 8 : Hemichordata

(i) Small group of marine animals
(ii) Cylindrical, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
(iii) Coelom present

(iv) Gills for respiration
(v) Examples : Balanoglossus

Phylum 9 : Chordata

(i) Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
(ii) Coelom present
(iii) Notochord
(iv) Gills present at some phase of life
(v) Dorsal nerve chord
(vi) Post anal tail present at some stage of life, for example, present in humans in embryonic stages

(vii) Sub-divided into two :

     (a) Prochordata

• Notochord at some stage of life
• Marine
• Examples : Herdemania, amphioxus

    (b) Vertebrata

• Notochord converted to vertebral column
• 2, 3, 4 chambered heart
• Organs like kidney for excretion
• Pair appendages
• Examples : Humans (4-chambered), frog (3-chambered),
fishes (2-chambered)


Vertebrates are divided into five classes namely Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

• Warm blooded organisms : These are organisms which
maintain same body temperature irrespective of outside
temperature. Example : Humans. Human’s body temperature
is approximately 37º.

• Cold blooded organisms : These are organisms which change
their body temperature as per surrounding temperature.

Example : Frog.

• Fishes are divided into two categories on the basis of
skeleton :

(i) Fishes with bony skeleton called bony fishes. Example : Tuna.

(ii) Fishes with cartilage skeleton called cartilaginous fishes.
Example : Shark.

(i) Pisces (Fishes)

• They are fishes living in water.
• Their skin is covered with scales or plates.
• They respire using gills.
• They have streamlined body and fins which help them to move in water.
• They are cold blooded and their heart has only two chambers.
• They lay eggs from which the young ones hatch out.
Some fishes have skeleton made of cartilage like Sharks, Rays etc. and some have skeleton made of bones and cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.

(ii) Amphibia (Amphibians)

• They are found in land and water.
• They do not have scales but have mucous glands on their skin.
• They are cold blooded and the heart is three chambered.

• Respiration is through gills or lungs. They lay eggs in water.

• Example : Frogs, Toads, Salamanders etc.

(iii) Reptilia (Reptiles)

• They have scales and breathe through lungs.
• They are cold blooded.
• Most of them have three chambered heart but crocodiles have four
chambered heart.
• They lay eggs with hard covering in water.

• Example : Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles etc.

(iv) Aves (Birds)
• They are warm blooded animals.
• They have four chambered heart.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They have an outer covering of feathers.
• Their two fore limbs are modified into wings for flying. They lay eggs.

• Example : Crow, Sparrow, Pigeon, Duck, Stork, Ostrich etc.

(v) Mammalia (Mammals)

• They are warm blooded animals.
• They have four chambered heart.
• They have mammary glands for production of milk to nourish their young ones.
• The skin has hairs and sweat glands. Most of them give birth to their young ones.
• Some of them lay eggs (like Platypus and Echidna).

• Example : Cat, Rat, Dog, Lion, Tiger, Whale, Bat, Humans etc.

Online Questions on NCERT Chapter = 7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) 9th class

These are Online Practice Questions on NCERT  Chapter =  7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS)  for preparation of CBSE BOARD Examination, NTSE etc.

QUESTIONS:

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1. Define biodiversity.
2. Who wrote the book ‘Origin of Species’.
3. What do you mean by primitive organism and advanced organism ?

4. Who is known as the father of taxonomy ?
5. Collect the range of variation that you see around you.
6. Whittaker’s five kingdom classification in detail. The basis of five kingdom classification.

7. Write the correct sequence of five kingdom classification.
8. Write the examples of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

9. What are resting spore and heterocyst ?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

1. What is thallus ?
2. Why bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom ?

3. Write the difference between cryptogams and phanerogams.

4. List the difference between monocots and dicots.
5. List the number of phyla that come under animal kingdom.
6. Use the same tips to study the animal kingdom.

7. Explain all the important characteristics of the given phyla :
(a) Platihelminthes
(b) Coelenterates
(c) Annelida

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

1. Give two examples belonging to members of nematode.
2. What is the cause of elephantiasis ?
3. What is the most striking feature of phylum arthropoda ?

4. List the difference between annelids and arthropods.
5. What is notochord and describe its function.
6. Give two examples from phylum protochordata.

7. Bats and whales are classified as mammals. Why ?

8. Circulatory system found in the phylum molusca ?

Notes on NCERT Chapter = 7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 3 => 9th class

This is Online Notes on NCERT Chapter =   7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 3 of 9th class for preparation of CBSE BOARD Examination, NTSE etc.




Five Kingdom Classification R. H. Whittaker taxonomist was the first one to propose five kingdom classification. 

Kingdom V : ANIMALIA

Basis of classification of Animalia kingdom :

(i) Symmetry :

(a) Bilateral symmetry : It is when an organism can be divided into right and left halves, identical but mirror images, by a single vertical plane.

(b) Radial symmetry : It is when an organism is equally spaced around a central point, like spokes on a bicycle wheel.

(ii) Germ layers : In embryonic stages there are different layers of cells called germ cells. The three different types of germ cells are :

• Ectoderm : It is the outermost layer which forms nail, hair,

epidermis, etc.

• Endoderm : It is the innermost layer which forms stomach, colon, urinary, bladder, etc.

• Mesoderm : It is the middle layer between ectoderm and endoderm which forms bones, cartilage, etc. 

So, according to the number of germ layers present in embryonic stage, animal could be :

• Diploblastic : Organisms which are derived from two embryonic

germ layers (ecto and endo).

• Triploblastic : Organisms which are derived from all the three

embryonic germ layers.

(iii) Coelom : Body cavity or coelom is important for proper functioning of various organs. 

For example, heart which has to contract and expand needs some cavity or empty space, which is provided by the coelom.

On the basis of presence or absence of coelom, organisms are divided into :

• Acoelomates : These are the simple organisms having no body

cavity.

• Coelomates : These are complex organisms having true cavity lined by mesoderm from all sides. 

These are further sub-divided into schizocoelomates or protostomes (coelom formed due to splitting or mesoderm) and enterocoelomates or dueterostomes (coelom formed from pouches pinched off from endoderm).

• Pseudo coelamate : These are organisms having false coelom. They have pouches of mesoderm scattered between endoderm and ectoderm.

(iv) Notochord : It is a long rod like structure, which runs along the body between nervous tissues and gut and provides place muscle to attach for ease of movement.

Organisms could be :

• without notochord

• with notochord

• with notochord in initial embryonic stages and vertebral column in adult phase

Phylum 1 : Porifera or Sponges

(i) Cellular level of organization

(ii) Non-motile animals

(iii) Holes on body which led to a canal system for circulation of water and food

(iv) Hard outside layer called as skeletons

(v) Examples : Sycon, spongilla, euplectelia

Phylum 2 : Coelenterata

(i) Tissue level of organization

(ii) No coelom

(iii) Radial symmetry, diploblastic

(iv) Hollow gut

(v) Can move from one place to another

(vi) Examples : Hydra, sea anemone, jelly fish (solitary), corals (colonies)

Phylum 3 : Platyhelminthes:

(i) Also called flat worms

(ii) No coelom present

(iii) Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

(iv) Free living or parasite

(v) Digestive cavity has one opening for both ingestion and egestion

(vi) Examples : Planaria (free living), liver fluke (parasitic)

Phylum 4 : Mollusca

(i) Coelom present

(ii) Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry

(iii) Soft bodies sometimes covered with shell

(iv) Generally not segmented

(v) No appendages present

(vi) Muscular foot for movement

(vii) Shell is present

(viii) Kidney like organ for excretion

(ix) Examples : Chiton, octopus, pila, unio

Phylum 5 : Annelida

(i) Second largest phylum

(ii) Coelom present

(iii) Bilateral, triploblastic

(iv) Segmented (segments specialized for different functions)

(v) Water or land

(vi) Extensive organ differentiation

(vii) Examples : Earthworm, leech, nereis.

Phylum 6 : Arthropoda

(i) Largest phylum (consist of 80% of species)

(ii) Generally known as insects

(iii) Coelom present

(iv) Bilateral, triploblastic

(v) Segmented, sometimes fused

(vi) Tough exo-skeleton of chitin

(vii) Joing appendages like feet, antenna

(viii) Examples : Prawn, scorpio, cockroach, housefly, butterfly, spider

Phylum 7 : Echinodermata

(i) Spiny skin, marine

(ii) No notochord

(iii) Coelom present, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

(iv) Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate

(v) Water vascular system for locomotion

(vi) Bilateral symmetry before birth and radial symmetry after birth

(vii) Examples : Antedon, sea cucumber, star fish, echinus

Notes on NCERT Chapter = 7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 2 => 9th class

This is Online Notes on NCERT  Chapter =   7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 2 of 9th class for preparation of CBSE BOARD Examination, NTSE etc.

Kingdom IV : PLANTAE

(i) Eukaryotic, multicellular.
(ii) Autotrophs.
(iii) Cell wall present.

Basis of division in Kingdom Plantae:

(a) Differentiated body parts : Body is differentiated into leaves,
stems, roots, flowers, etc.

(b) Presence of vascular tissue : There are two types of vascular tissues present in the plants :

• Xylem : Helps in transport of water.
• Phloem : Helps in transport of food.

(c) Reproduction through seeds or spores :

• Phanerogamae : Plants with seeds are called phanerogamae.
They contains embryo with stored food and are multicellular.

• Cryotogamae : Plants with spores are called cryptogamae.
They contains only naked embryo and are generally unicellular.

(d) Seeds are inside the fruit or naked :

• Angiospermae : These are plants with seeds inside the fruit
and bears flowers. 

• Gymnospermae : These are plants with naked seeds and do
not bear flowers.

Division 1 : Thallophyta:

(i) Basic and elementary plants with undifferentiated body parts.
(ii) Generally called algae.
(iii) No vascular tissue present.
(iv) Reproduce through spores.
(v) Mainly found in water.
(vi) Example : Ulva, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara.

Division 2 : Bryophyte

(i) Body structure differentiated but not fully developed.

(ii) No vascular tissues present.

(iii) Reproduce through spores.

(iv) Found on both land and water therefore known as ‘Amphibians of Plantae Kingdom’.

(v) Example : Liverwort (Marchantia, Riccia), Mosses (Funaria), Hornwort (Dendrocerous).

Division 3 : Pteridophyta

(i) Differentiated body structure – leaves, stems, roots, etc.

(ii) Vascular tissues present.

(iii) Reproduce through spores.

(iv) Examples : Marsilea, fern, horsetails.

Division 4. Gymnosperms

(i) Differentiated body parts.

(ii) Vascular tissues.

(iii) Naked seeds without fruits or flowers.

(iv) Perennial, evergreen and woody.

(v) Examples : Pines (deodar), Cycus, Ginkgo

Division 5 : Angiosperms

(i) Also known as flower-bearing plants.

(ii) Later on flower becomes fruit.

(iii) Seeds are inside the fruit.

(iv) Embryos in seeds have structure called cotyledons. They are also called seed leaves because in many plants they emerge and become green when they germinate.

Angiosperms are further divided on the basis of number of cotyledons into two
parts :

Notes on NCERT Chapter = 7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 1 => 9th class

This is Online Notes on NCERT  Chapter =   7 (DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS) Part 1 of 9th class for preparation of CBSE BOARD Examination, NTSE etc.



CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

All living organism are grouped on the basis of their similarities and increasing complexities into different complexities.

FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATIONS:

Biodiversity means the variety of living organisms present on a particular region. 

There are about 20 lac organisms known on the earth which differ from one another in external form, internal structure, mode of nutrition, habitat, etc.

Taxonomy : It is a branch of biology which deals with identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. Carolus Lannaeus is called the father of taxonomy.

Classification : The method of arranging organisms into groups or sets on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification.

Importance of Classification:

• It makes the study of wide variety of organisms easy and in systematic manner.
• It helps to understand how the different organisms have evolved with time.
• It helps to understand the inter-relationships among different groups of organisms.
• It forms a base for the study of other biological sciences, like biogeography.

Basis of Classification:

• There are certain features or properties used for the classification of living organisms which are known as characteristics. Organisms with same characteristics are placed in same groups.

Classification System:

• 1. Two kingdom classification : Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 classified the living organisms into two groups as plants and animals.
• 2. Five kingdom classification : H. Whittaker in 1959 further classified the organisms into five kingdoms as Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.

[ Note : Carl Woese in 1977 further divided Kingdom Monera into
archaebacteria (or Archae) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria). ]

Hierarchy of Classification : 

Linnaeus proposed a classification system by arranging organisms into taxonomic groups at different levels according to the characteristics they have. The groups or the levels from top to bottom are :

The major characteristics considered for classifying all organisms into five ajor kingdoms are :

• Type of cellular organization:

(a) Prokaryotic cells : These are primitive and incomplete cells without well-defined nucleus.

(b) Eukaryotic cells : These are advanced and complete cells with well defined nucleus.

• Body organization:

(a) Unicellular organisms : These are organisms made up of single cell with all activities performed by the single cell.

(b) Multicellular organisms : These are organisms made up of large number of cells with different functions performed by different cells.

• Mode of obtaining food:

(a) Autotrophs : These are the organisms that make their own food by photosynthesis.

(b) Heterotrophs : These are the organisms which depend on other
organisms for food.

Nomenclature : An organism can have different names in different
languages. This creates confusion in naming organism. A scientific name is needed which is same in all languages. Binomial nomenclature system given by Carolus Linnaeus is used naming different organisms.

Following are some conventions in writing the scientific names :

(1) Genus should be written followed by the species.
(2) First letter of the genus should be capital and that of the species should be in small letter.
(3) When printed the name should be written in italics and when written with hands genus and species should underlined separately.

Example : Homo sapiens for humans, Panthera tigris for tiger.

Kingdom I : MONERA

(i) Prokaryotic, unicellular.
(ii) Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs.
(iii) May or may not have cell wall.
(iv) Examples : Anabaena and Bacteria (heterotrophic), Cyano-bacteria or Blue-green algae (autotrophic).

Kingdom II : PROTISTA

(i) Eukaryotic, unicellular.
(ii) Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
(iii) May have cilia, flagella or pseudophodia for locomotion.
(iv) Examples : Plants like unicellular algae, diatoms; animals like protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena); fungi like slime molds and water molds.

Kingdom III : FUNGI

(i) Eukaryotic.

(ii) Mostly multicellular but sometimes unicellular (yeast).

(iii) Source of food :

(a) Mostly saprophytes : These organisms use decaying material for food.

(b) Some parasitic : These organisms live inside body of other living organism to have food and can be disease causing.

(c) Symbiotic relation : These are relations between two organisms in which they live together for benefit of one or both. Lichens are a symbiotic relation between fungi and cyanobacteria. Here fungi gets food from cyanobacteria and in return cyanobacteria gets water and protection from sunlight through fungi.

(iv) Cell wall is made of chitin.

(v) Examples : Mushrooms (Agaricus), green mold (Penicillium), smut (Aspergilus).